The Importance Of Early Childhood Friendships - 1602 Words

Friendship is often diminished, considering the impact it has on everyone’s well being. Early-childhood friendships are frequently overlooked. Preschool friendships are helpful in initiating the process in forming social and emotional skills. It increases a sense of belonging and decreases tension. People who feel as if they are an outcast or unsocial tend to be depressed throughout their lifespan. It is natural to attach to a variety of people and want friendship and support from others, regardless of who they are. People thrive socially in many different ways. There are various ways to help children develop relationship skills that will acquire connections with others. Early childhood friendships benefit and help children become†¦show more content†¦Young children are more likely to form friendships with children who they see on a regular basis. Preschool friends are more likely to maintain close proximity to one another than children who are not friends (Lindsey). The findings of this study suggest that mutual friendship is an important factor in children s social development as early as the preschool years. Without friends life is lonely and isolated. Friends are important to share enjoyable activities with, companions with whom to share worries, people to rescue you in difficulty and to be comforted at times of stress. Additionally friendships have enormous developmental implications (Murray). It helps the socialising process. Also, it promotes the natural move towards â€Å"greater independence† in adolescence (Murray). It does this because when you depend on someone for so long you start to branch off on our own and stop depending on others like you used to. Adolescent friendships also provide a connection to others who are at the same stage (Murray). Most adolescents face the same obstacles in life and experience similar difficulties. Friends in childhood are primarily found at â€Å"school† (Murray). This is because they see each other everyday and it is easier to become friends with someone that you see on a daily basis than someone you only see every so often. In the article, Murray says, â€Å"Visiting friends’ families exposes the adolescent toShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Early Childhood Friendship1416 Words   |  6 PagesFriendship is often diminished, considering the tremendous impact it has on our well being. Early-childhood friendship is something that is frequently overlooked as a positive developmental influence. Preschool friendships are helpful in developing social and emotional skills, increasing a sense of belonging and decreasing stress. People who feel lonely or socially isolated tend to be more depressed and have more health issues. Both boys and girls form strong attachments to others need social andRead MoreThe Importance Of Early Childhood Friendships1300 Words   |  6 Pages Friendships are often diminished, considering the impact it has on everyone’s well being. Early-childhood friendships are frequently overlooked. Preschool friendships are helpful in initiating the process in forming social and emotional skills. It increases a sense of belonging and decreases tension. People who feel as if they are an outcast or unsocial tend to be depressed throughout their lifespan. It is natural to attach to a variety of people and want friendship and support from others, regardlessRead MoreThe Importance Of Early Childhood Friendship1267 Words   |  6 PagesFriendship is often underrated, considering the tremendous impact it has on our well being. Early-childhood friendship is something that is frequently overlooked as a positive developmental influence. Preschool friendships are helpful in developing social and emotional skills, increasing a sense of belonging and decreasing stress. People who feel lonely or socially isolated tend to be more depressed a nd have more health issues. Both boys and girls form strong attachments to others need social andRead MoreThe Importance of Friendship and Healthy Relationships in a Childs Development976 Words   |  4 PagesFriendships are so important. They have always been important; but it seems to be the most important in my opinion. We see how friendships play important roles throughout our life span. Friendships are defined and formed in each stage of life from infancy. These include early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood. Friendships grow from one stage to another. During this time friends become closer. Relationships start out as acquaintances andRead MoreThe Social Development Of Children And Adolescents Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pageshttp://psychologydictionary.org/peer-group]. These individuals are likely to consist of friends, siblings and relatives in order to form a peer group. Some developmental psychologists may argue the relative importance of peers in social development; the extent to which these groups are important in childhood and adolescence are to be discussed throughout. Primarily, it is suggested that peer relations at a young age are positive to the infant- children with parents who have an interactive relationshipRead MoreDevelopmental Transitions in a Subject Essay933 Words   |  4 PagesThe impact that developmental transitions have on a child during early and middle childhood can certainly serve as a difficult and uncomfortable time; however, it is truly an essential part of their overall development. Although my subject’s experiences were quite typical, he did experience two developmental transitions, one occurring during his early childhood and the other during his middle childhood. The first transition was the start of preschool at the age of 4. The beginning of preschool wasRead MoreChallenges Of Children Face When They Start School1703 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are the challenges that children face when they start school? Transition from early childhood to middle childhood involves many milestones in a child’s life, but none quite as significant for both parent and child as when it is time to start fulltime school. Even when a child has been attending pre-school nursery, private nursery, a childminder, or nanny, it is still a major event in any parent and child’s relationship, and as such can cause a lot of anxiety for either or both child and parentRead MoreNegative and Positive Effects of Peer Relationships1564 Words   |  7 Pagesdysfunctional family is of much importance to a healthy development, helping children through peer pressure, acceptance, and the anxiety of belonging. Yet how important is the environment that a child is raised on, this being shared or non-shared? How difficult or easy can peer pressure be? Will peer pressure help or deter a child from being functional. How much do these factors affect development from childhood to adolescence? This paper will explain the different stages of childhood to adolescence, and howRead MoreLove : A Common Thread That Transcends Culture Essay1348 Words   |  6 Pagesattachment to others. It is the ability to relate, to show compassion, and to express selflessness. Love takes many forms and wears many hats, through relationships that customarily begin at birth and grow throughout life, with the addition of friendships, companions, and partners. These experiences shape character. A life without love creates tension between the complicated human aspects of life, as well as behavioral tendencies and psychological development. Love serves as the foundation for JRead MorePossible Causes for the Suicide of Kurt Cobain Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesPossible Causes for the Suicide of Kurt Cobain Within this assignment I wish to look at the major issues and problems Kurt Cobain faced throughout childhood and into early adulthood. I wish to apply three relevant approaches to this article and hopefully show that they bare some resemblance to the problems he faced. Description of Article ====================== Within this article I wish to briefly look at some major factors of Kurt cobain, which influenced

Psychological Benefits Of Increased Exposure - 1976 Words

Lori L. Francis PSYC 2314: LIFESPAN: Human Development Instructor: Laura Renee, Wednesday 11:30 am -1:00 pm Go Play Outside! The psychological benefits of increased interaction with the natural world Go Play Outside! The psychological benefits of increased exposure to the natural world In the past few decades, there has been a dramatic change in the relationship between people and the outdoors. Due to a number of factors, such as, increasing urbanization and loss of access to natural areas; parental fears of strangers, traffic, and even nature itself; competition from other activities such as homework, TV, time on the computer, or playing video games; people are spending an increasing amount of time indoors. Yet there is a growing amount of evidence demonstrating a variety of positive mental, social, and physical health benefits associated with increased exposure to the natural world. From a psychological perspective, there are clear developmental, cognitive, and therapeutic benefits when children and adults experience more nature in their day-to-day lives. I first became interested in this topic a few years ago years ago when I read Last Child in the Woods: Saving our children from nature-deficit disorder by Richard Louv. As a volunteer at the Houston Arboretum and Nature center, I frequently encountered children who obviously had very little exposure to nature. Not only did they not know much about the natural world, some were fearful ofShow MoreRelatedPoor Ergonomics And Its Psychological Effects On Workers Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesPOOR ERGONOMICS AND ITS PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON WORKERS WHAT IS ERGONOMICS Ergonomics, also known as human factors engineering, derived from two Greek words ‘ergon’ meaning work and ‘nomoi’ meaning natural laws. Specifically, ergonomics is the science of designing the job to fit the worker, rather than physically forcing the workers body to fit the job. This aims to make sure that tasks, equipment, information, and the environment fit each worker. The International Ergonomics AssociationRead MoreEffects Of Video Games On Children Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesScreening to a halt: Are parents in New Zealand able to identify signs of dependency or addiction in their children due to over use of screen-time from the recreational use of video games? Digital technology and the vast amount of video games have increased the amount of screen time consumption in contemporary New Zealand society. The saturation of smart phones, ipad’s, tablets, computers, game consoles and the Internet are devices with the means of connection to gaming. Many New Zealand families integrateRead MoreEssay On Ptsd1624 Words   |  7 Pagesattempted suicide or mental disorder issues, the participants had to have military trauma and not trauma from other life experiences. Capaldi, S., Asnaani, A., Zandberg, L. J., Carpenter, J. K., Foa, E. B. (2016). Therapeutic Alliance during Prolonged Exposure Versus Client-Centered Therapy for Adolescent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(10), 1026-1036. doi:10.1002/jclp.22303 The article (Capaldi, Asnaani, Zandberg, Carpenter, Foa, 2016) looks at the importance of therapeuticRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Children Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesalong with its booming popularity. Since then, avid video gamers were viewed in a negative light, portrayed as potential killers, and the undesirable outcomes in engaging with video games have been greatly emphasized in the ongoing debate such as, exposure to its violent content causes children to become violent, linking mental disorders and behavioral problems in the long run. Nonetheless, not all are in favor of these perpetuating arguments about video games. More recent studies found that it doesRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children1456 Words   |  6 Pages We are talking about the formative years of a child’s life here. Is there then any wonder that the empirical evidence here below holds true. In this study, the empirical evidence shows that children who have seen domestic violence have more psychological and behavioral problems as opposed to children who have not witnessed abuse (Kitzman, Gaylord, Holt, Kenny, 2003; Moylan et al., 2010; Wolfe, Crooks, Lee, McIntyre-Smith, Jaffe, 2003). Furthermore, children who have observed domestic violenceRead MoreChild Poverty And Its Effects On Children s Adjustment1473 Words   |  6 Pageschildren and lead to psychological disorders. While it seems impossible to completely eliminate childhood poverty, there are numerous strategies that can be used to help reduce the number of children living in poverty. The government plays a role in the establishment of organizations and funding programs that help low income families. These programs and organizations, along with the involvement of the community, can help contribute to the alleviation of childhood poverty. Psychological Disorders amongRead MoreThe Problem Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay919 Words   |  4 Pagesfeasibility of the Trauma Recovery Group program and suggest it produces clinical benefits for this population (people with PTSD) and helps the social workers to understand and intervene with this special population at a micro level. However, in this other article the authors have provided valuable conceptual insights about how autonomy may relate to therapeutic change in the context of traditional psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy. They argue that an individual’s experienceRead MorePsychological And Psychosocial Benefits Of Pet Owners879 Words   |  4 PagesMcConnell, Brown, Shoda, Stayton Martin, (2011) did research that showed that psychological health, well-being, and happiness is higher in people who have a pet compared to people who do not have a pet. Owning a pet can provide owners with many direct, material benefits, e.g., scaring away prospective burglars, reducing vermin. There is also evidence that pets can have positive psychological implications, though, the majority of these studies are correlational and involve populations facing considerableRead MoreBiography Of Hideo Kojima s Influence On The World1110 Words   |  5 Pagesnotable traits are cinematic cutsc enes, intricate storylines, offbeat and fourth wall humor, and exploration of political and philosophical themes, with references to Hollywood films to add flavor. â€Å"The link between violence in video games and increased aggression in players is one of the most studied and best established in the field,† Appelbaum, a psychology professor at the University of California in San Diego, said in a press release. There has always been discussion about if games create violenceRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay1672 Words   |  7 Pages This bill attempts to address the need for the increasing number of Michigan Veterans affected by psychological diagnoses and the benefits that come from utilizing service dogs to decrease effects associated with these diagnoses for Veterans to function in society. It would allow a five-year pilot program to be established to record the significance service dogs have on decreasing psychological symptoms of Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. It would also record the number of Veterans

Raphael and his story Essay Example For Students

Raphael and his story Essay Raphael was a painter who was considered one of the great masters of the Italian Renaissance. He enjoyed wealth and power during his lifetime unlike many other artists of the time who were not to be recognized until after their deaths. Rafael was born in Italy on April 6, 1483. He was the son of a very successful artist, but his father passed away when he was 1 1 . Growing up, Raphael was always surrounded by talented and wealthy people. He was sent to study in Peruvian when he was 16 and then when he was 20 Raphael went to Siena and Florence to study with masters. He aimed recognition for church paintings, commissioned portraits, and pictures of saints Raphael aided in making while he was with these masters. Later, Raphael was summoned to Rome to work for Pope Julius II who had a powerful and heroic personality and wished to have his rooms dramatically painted. Julius favorite architect, Donate Aberrant, was a relative of Raphael. Julius was so impressed with Repeals work that he dismissed all of the other artists that had been working for him and Raphael finished everything on his own. For Julius, Raphael created the Stanza Della Signature which is a building that combines both pagan and Christian homes in brilliant, complex compositions to symbolize the Renaissance. Raphael made many more creations under Julius patronage. When Julius died Raphael became a favorite of the next pope, Leo X. Both Raphael and Leo preferred to be happy and were hardworking men. Raphael produced many masterpieces over the next few years for the pope and other patrons including some of his most famous works, the Sistine Madonna, Madonna of the Goldfinch, The Holy Family under the Oak Tree (Pearl Madonna), the Galatea, Saint Cecilia, and a portrait of Repeals friend, Balderdash Castigation. Leo gave Raphael many extra tasks which may have affected his health. He was appointed as superintendent of antiquities, he decorated rooms and designed a series of 10 tapestries, each more than 11 feet high. Raphael also inherited much of the work of his elderly relative Aberrant, the architect. Repeals works bring together the different elements of the Renaissance and his pictures are not of conflict, but of balance. His work portrays subjects in an idealistic, perfected form which Raphael has been both admired and criticized for. Raphael had many assistants to carry out his designs and ideas. Giorgio Vassar, an early biographer, said Repeals personality caused men to live in a state of natural harmony and agreement. He found time to enjoy the fine living his position brought him. Raphael had many mistresses but was very happy with his bachelor status and was never married. He also never involved himself in politics or the schemes of others. Raphael died at 37 years old on April 6, 1520 because of a fever for which he was bled by doctors. His funeral took place on the Pantheon in Rome, and his last picture, The Transfiguration was displayed over his coffin. Raphael By Babbage

Jfet Characteristics Essays - Transistors, Biasing,

Jfet Characteristics JFET CHARACTERISTICS ENR 213 LAB # 5 FEBRUARY 15, 2001 Aaron Smith PURPOSE: The purpose of this lab is to design a voltage-divider bias BJT transistor configuration given specific circuit responses. The circuit specifications are as follows: VCC = 15V, IC = 5mA, VCE = 7.5V, and VE = .1VCC = 1.5V. PROCEDURE: The same procedure will be done twice, first with a 2N3904 transistor than with a 2N4401 transistor. Determine the value of RC and RE for the given specifications. Define the relationship between R1 and R2 assuming that RE * 10R2 is satisfied. Calculate R2 and pick the closest commercial value for your circuit. Then, plug the value of R2 into your derived relationship and solve for R1. Next, construct the circuit. Measure all voltages and calculate the currents. Then determine the value of . Compare your predicted values to the measured values. CONCLUSION: We defined the relationship between R1 and R2 to be 2.2R1 = 12.8R2. By doing so, we were able to find values for R1 and R2 which would yield the desired variables. When comparing our results for each transistor, we saw that an increasing value doesn't affect the voltages and currents much. Our values were 152 for the 2N3904 transistor and 176 for the 2N4401 transistor. For instance, our value of IC was 4.8mA for the 2N3904 transistor and 4.93mA for the 2N4401 transistor. We calculated the stability factor for our circuit to be 1.13. This further proved our predictions that does not have much impact on this type of configuration. Engineering

Free Essays on Mexican Americans

Article Critique: In the essay, LULAC, Mexican American Identity, and Civil Rights, the author Mario T. Garcia discusses the demand for civil rights and the end to discrimination for Mexican- Americans. Garcia of the University of California at Santa Barbara, discusses the efforts of the rising middle class to create an organization. Its purpose is to enable Mexican American to win respect of the Anglo majority and smooth their assimilation into American life. In my opinion, the author wrote this essay to give the history of Mexican-Americans achievements over economic, social and political discrimination. An increase in the economic struggle began in the 1920’s, following World War I. The advancement of agricultural production and capitalism in south Texas, lead to many problems. Texas-born Mexican American ranchers and farmers, as well as sharecroppers found themselves unable to compete with agribusiness. Garcia says â€Å" In their place or alongside of them, came thousands of Mexican immigrants wage workers to pick the crops produced by the new mode of production. Garcia discusses many issues faced by Mexican Ameicans such as discrimination in public facilities. â€Å" Desiring to be intergrated as first-class citizens, Mexican Americans in LULAC, likw their middle class Afro-American counterparts in the NAACP, struggled against various forms of racial discrimination†¦. They did not want to be singled out for discrimination or patronization. All they aspired to was equal acces to the rights enjoyed by other Americans. Lulacers believes that Mexican Americans were entitled to first-class citizenship not only under the Constitution but also under guarantees of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), which ended the Mexican War...†. For example, in the 1940, LULAC protested in San Angelo over the efforts of a new movie threater to segregate Mexicans along with blacks in the balcony. They boycott the theater until segregation ended... Free Essays on Mexican Americans Free Essays on Mexican Americans Article Critique: In the essay, LULAC, Mexican American Identity, and Civil Rights, the author Mario T. Garcia discusses the demand for civil rights and the end to discrimination for Mexican- Americans. Garcia of the University of California at Santa Barbara, discusses the efforts of the rising middle class to create an organization. Its purpose is to enable Mexican American to win respect of the Anglo majority and smooth their assimilation into American life. In my opinion, the author wrote this essay to give the history of Mexican-Americans achievements over economic, social and political discrimination. An increase in the economic struggle began in the 1920’s, following World War I. The advancement of agricultural production and capitalism in south Texas, lead to many problems. Texas-born Mexican American ranchers and farmers, as well as sharecroppers found themselves unable to compete with agribusiness. Garcia says â€Å" In their place or alongside of them, came thousands of Mexican immigrants wage workers to pick the crops produced by the new mode of production. Garcia discusses many issues faced by Mexican Ameicans such as discrimination in public facilities. â€Å" Desiring to be intergrated as first-class citizens, Mexican Americans in LULAC, likw their middle class Afro-American counterparts in the NAACP, struggled against various forms of racial discrimination†¦. They did not want to be singled out for discrimination or patronization. All they aspired to was equal acces to the rights enjoyed by other Americans. Lulacers believes that Mexican Americans were entitled to first-class citizenship not only under the Constitution but also under guarantees of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), which ended the Mexican War...†. For example, in the 1940, LULAC protested in San Angelo over the efforts of a new movie threater to segregate Mexicans along with blacks in the balcony. They boycott the theater until segregation ended...

Select vs. Selected

Select vs. Selected Select vs. Selected Select vs. Selected By Maeve Maddox The English verb select and the adjectives, select and selected, derive from a Latin verb meaning, â€Å"to choose, select, set apart.† Both adjectives mean, â€Å"chosen from a larger number of other things.† However, a useful distinction exists between selected and select. selected This adjective indicates that something has been chosen or picked out from a larger number; the reason for the selection is usually made clear by the context. For example, researchers may track the distribution of workers engaged in â€Å"certain selected occupations.† The occupations have been selected according to criteria set by the researchers for their study. An accountant wants to know if she can restrict her reports â€Å"only to certain selected users.† The accountant has specific criteria for her selection of people who will have access to the reports. select This adjective indicates that whatever was chosen out of a larger number was chosen on account of excellence or superiority. For example, â€Å"Hermes Paris caters to a select clientele.† Because Hermes products are expensive, select indicates that the people who shop there are superior to other people because they have the money to pay for luxury items. â€Å"The agency did its hiring from a select group of college graduates.† Here the use of select implies that the graduates were chosen from among other graduates by reason of superior intellect and ability. Both select and selected are popular with advertisers, but select is frequently confused with selected. Here are some examples from the Web: â€Å"Hyundai offers discount on selected car models† Appropriate use; some models are discounted, but not all. â€Å"Remington Shaver Charging Cord for Select Models† Inappropriate use; the sense is that the cord will work with some models, but not with all. â€Å"LifeProof New Case for Select Apple iPad Models† Inappropriate use; the sense is that the case will fit some models, but not all. Save select to mean something that is perceived to be above the ordinary in quality, cost, recognition, social status, or the like. The following examples use select in this sense: NFL offensive rookie pick in select company Special terms allow students to attend select schools in nearby states for a fraction of out-of-state tuition. Bryan Sutton keeps select company with the very best musicians in bluegrass, those musicians who may have peers but no superiors. The most select club in Hollywood: The Hitchcock Blondes A third [executive] obtained permission from a select group of local influencers to list their names on his nonprofit’s letterhead.   An NQDP plan must be restricted to a select group of management or highly compensated employees. Dr. Jackson was among a select group of presidents and chancellors invited to participate. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" How to spell "in lieu of"Uses of the Past Participle

Law of Patents Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law of Patents - Case Study Example Purchasing Associates, Inc. v Weitz, 13 NY2d 267, 269 (1963). It should be noted that federal courts will look to the state laws when interpreting the reasonableness of a covenant not to compete or a non competition clause. Thus the first question is where is Frothy Beer located The reason why the situs of Frothy Beer is important is because a reasonable inference of the facts indicates that part of the non-competition agreement states that jurisdiction of any dispute pursuant ot the agreement is within the United States. Judging by the information supplied, Frothy Beer is located in the United States. Because the headquarters of Awessa is located in Australia, Federal Court is the court of jurisdiction because of diversity of citizenship. Vaden v. Discover Bank --- S.Ct. ----, 2009 WL 578636 U.S. (2009). By way of example, if Frothy Beer was located in Virginia, then the federal courts would look to the state of Virginia codes in evaluating the non competition clause between Frothy and Eyus. ... Meissel v. Finley, 198 Va. 577, 579 (Va.Ct.App.1956) ("The possession of trade secrets and confidential information is an important consideration in testing the reasonableness of a restriction on competition.") (citing Stoneman v. Wilson, 169 Va. 239, 240 (Va.1937)). However, Paramount Termite Control Co., Inc. v. Rector, 238 Va. 171, 172 (Va.1989) notes that "Although often used as a justification for non-competition agreements, it is not necessary that the employees actually had acquired or possessed specific information that could be legally defined as confidential or a trade secret, ....")(internal quotations omitted). Here, the federal court would determine, in effect, whether Frothy Beer did or did not have any legitimate business interests worthy of protection. As a result, the district court's analysis of the restrictive covenant (here the non competition agreement) will likely be skewed by the fact that Eyus developed and applied for patents directly related to research and development of beer product within his first two years of employment at Awessa. II. While It Appears at First Blush That Awessa Can Enter into an agreement with U.S.B. Beer, all Environmental Issues in regards to the low carb beer production should first be resolved by Awessa before U.S.B. Beer enters into any transaction or memorandum of understanding. A patent may be awarded for either a product or a process: a product patent creates a monopoly over the manufacture, use and sale of product while a process patent creates a monopoly over the manufacture, use, and sale of a process. U.S. v. Studiengesellschaft Kohle, m.b.H. 670 F.2d

Modern woman in TV show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Modern woman in TV show - Essay Example These shows get women to take off all their clothes and stand stark naked in front of the entire world to see. Or they are used as a seduction technique. They might also be used as dolls/objects which can be bought or fooled into having sex with a man at any time. They are blamed more for every crime that they commit. They are also shown to be the object of drug and sex trafficking. There is a famous method of showing cars in a movie about cars and that is with a large number of girls surrounding it, standing on it or lying on it, naked or nearly naked. This is shown only for the sake of attracting the larger masses. TV shows and movies aside, even the video games, play-stations and the famous X-BOX have animated women appearing at every nook and corner of the game and are used only as a sign of sexuality and femininity. Many of today’s famous TV shows which include this element of sexuality include â€Å"How I met your mother†, â€Å"vampire diaries†, â€Å"Nik ita†, â€Å"Gossip girl†, â€Å"One tree hill†, â€Å"Small-Ville†. Many of these shows bring out women harassment as a joke or a sick humor. But some of them use women sexuality openly, completely owning this fact about their show. Of all the shows, this report will discuss an episode form the season â€Å"Nikita†. The episode is 15 and from season 1. Background of the Show In this, one of the lead actresses, Alex is called out to work for her company as a spy in the form of a very sexy young girl who is spitted out of a blind-dating site to the target person. Alex is forced to wear low-necked and tight clothes, with her hair open and flowing so that she successfully seduces the target victim and steal a gadget from him. During the show she is caught by her old captors who were sex-traffickers. She is then forced inside a cage and heavily drugged. This exploits the factor of women’s weak body and strength. During the show we see that Alex ha d been sold to these sex traffickers as a child, proving men’s inability to take pity even on small girls and using them as symbols of sex and pleasure. We also see that another one of the girls is badly beaten by her captor, which shows that the captor thinks of women only as objects to be threatened and oppressed. Anatomy of the Show The show is divided into two parts: one where Alex is sent on her mission as a sexy girl out for a date, and the second where she has been recaptured by her previous captor, locked in a small cage and interrogated. Part one of the Show In this part, the viewers are shown a beautiful girl, who just became the date for the night of a very weird nerd. Alex has been ordered to dress up sexually and adorable so that the nerd boy (also the target) falls for her beauty and completely surrenders to her. This in turn would pave a way for her to easily steal a device from the nerd. Here we see that the heroin is doubtful if the nerd person would accept s omeone like her as a date, so she asks her boss who replies with a â€Å"please† looking her up and down, as if to prove his point. It is clear from the way the show unravels, that viewers are being told that the women species can be a great sexual device and an amazing criminal/ thief, if they used their femininity and apparent innocence, to good use. After Alex is ready to go to the bar with her new date, looking as sensual as any perfect

Americas Vision Essay Example for Free

Americas Vision Essay Fame, wealth, freedom, and success. Every person desires a life where riches, glory, or freedom surround them. Numerous people consider this dream the American dream, however, is it truly possible to achieve? Even those various immigrants who travel a great distance to come to America to live their own American dream shortly become intemperate people. The idea of the American dream is not attainable because people in general are exceedingly paradoxical and are constantly left yearning for more in a variety of ways. In the heartfelt story America and Americans, Is the American Dream Even Possible, by John Steinbeck, he wrote, One of the generalities often noted about the Americans is that we are restless, a dissatisfied, a searching people (Steinbeck 1). I feel that Steinbeck conveys a great deal of truth about Americans and how we live our lives. We all aspire to have something and once we acquire it we become discontent and strive to have more. For instance, a man works his whole life to become someone or something he truly is not and once he gets there he realizes that he wants more and longs to become more. In truth we all do what we want to and are searching for the greatest, but nothing ever seems to be good enough in our dissatisfied lives. Immigrants from all over the world arrive in America to pursue their own American dream. Whether they come for religious freedom, education, or just to obtain better lives, they quickly strive for more and more even though they have accomplished their intended goals. After residing in America for years they overlook the ways of their homeland customs and become drawn to the lives of Americans even when it is in opposition to their original traditions. In numerous ways they somewhat become brainwashed by Americans who live their lives not in reality but in idealism, and they attempt to live their life like them as well. However, once they return to their homelands after believing they have obtained their goals, they cannot figure out why their families and friends no longer wish to speak to them. They have altered and become intemperate people resembling us Americans and have brought back terrible habits and ways to their homelands that their people have despised in their customs for several years. Americans are truly paradoxical people who say one thing and do another. We  are constantly contradicting ourselves and others and cannot comprehend why we are so unhappy. We make every effort to achieve happiness but nothing ever seems to be good enough. John Steinbeck expresses that our priorities are extremely wrong in this quote, Americans are remarkably kind and hospitable and open with both guests and strangers; yet they will make a wide circle around the man dying on the pavement. Fortunes are spent getting cats out of trees and dogs out of sewer pipes; but a girl screaming for help in the street draws only slammed doors, closed widows, and silence (Steinbeck 1). Steinbeck puts across a serious point and I boldly agree that we Americans have our priorities twisted around. Ultimately, Americans have a large number of adjustments they will have to carry out before they will ever be able to achieve their American dream and be content. We are so full of dissatisfaction and failure to stick with our goals. We tread on friends and family who get in the way of our so called American dream, and after we believe we have attained it we are not sure as to why we are so miserable. If Americans can take that further step to transform, the American dream may become possible. However, until then the American dream will merely be an idea, not a possibility. Works Cited: 1. Steinbeck, John. America and Americans, Is the American dream even possible.

Baroque Music Essay -- Papers

Baroque Music In 1600 a new style of music began to evolve, this form of music was later to be called Baroque. Baroque music was very different to the music before its time such as medieval and early renaissance music and the development of new harmonic and melodic lines added difference in pace and variation to the compositions giving them a new shape and form. The structure of the music also changed, different forms such as fugues and cannons developed and different instruments were introduced. There were many composers that wrote music throughout the baroque era, some more significant than others but each contributing a large amount to the development throughout this period. Corelli was one of the first prominent composers of the Baroque era; he was an Italian composer and violinist writing music in a chamber style and in the form of the late baroque era. Corelli was born in 1653 in Fusignano, Italy and left to Bologna when he was just 13 were he was taught by Leonardo Brugnol who perhaps influenced him to become a teacher of music. He was interested in the form of musical education and this is clearly shown in the development of his musical history. Corelli founded the modern school of violin playing as well as earning titles such as "World's First Great Violinist" and "Founder of Modern Violin Technique" Corelli was the first composer to be famous for composing using only instruments, and this is one of the points that made him stand out throughout the baroque era especially in Rome were he taught composers such as Vivaldi and Giannini who soon spread his methods too the world. Corelli's work influenced many other ... ...d are used to bring the audience into the world of that particular one. They set up the performance. Sonata form was applied to solo sonatas, chamber music, symphonies, and concertos. String quartets were the most popular chamber form of the Classical era. They were made up of one cello, two violins, and a viola and were written in 4 movements, using the sonata form. There was also a wide use of symphonies, large orchestral compositions, generally in three or four movements, symphonies are also in sonata form. Symphonies, Sonatas, and String Quartets were written by some of the most influential composers of the classical era, Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. They composed music for vocals as well as instrumentals. Other composers included Luigi Boccherini, Hoffman and Hein.

Ford Hybrid Car Case Bass Essay

Before beginning any case, students should familiarize  themselves with the model being used. Marketing Engineering for Excel comes with tutorials that demonstrate the capability of each model. The tutorial can be found under each model within the MEââ€" ºXL menu after starting Excel. These tutorials are  designed to work with our OfficeStar examples which are located in the My Marketing Engineering directory, usually installed in My Documents during software installation.  There is no external data set associated with this case; all necessary data are included herein. Ford’s Hybrid Future In September 2006, Alan Mulally had just taken over as the CEO of Ford, the fifth largest corporation in the United States. Ford was in trouble, as was the entire American auto industry, partly due to the rapid increase in average gas prices from $1.10 per gallon for regular, unleaded gasoline in January 2002 to more than $2.50 per gallon in September 2006, according to the Energy Information Administration. Sport utility vehicles and trucks, the mainstays of Ford’s product line, no longer had the depth of consumer appeal they had in the past. Ford’s stock price had declined more than 30% from September 2004, and for the 2006 fiscal year, Ford executives were projecting a loss of almost $6 billion from ongoing operations; paired with restructuring costs, the total projected losses reached approximately $9 billion. Through its â€Å"Way Forward† plan, Ford announced buyout offers for 75,000 hourly workers and planned to cut 30% of its 35,000 salaried employees in the United States. Although these cost-saving measures would improve profitability, ultimately, Ford needed to win in the marketplace to regain its past status; to win, it needs to take drastic market-oriented actions. As part of the Way Forward plan, the previous CEO (and current Chair) William Clay Ford initially announced that the company would build 250,000 hybrid cars annually by 2010. Now Mulally is rethinking that commitment: Would it be enough? Would that be too much? He needs a quick and credible answer to this question before deciding how forcefully to push the hybrid car program within Ford. Mulally also recognizes that the technologies and manufacturing systems that support hybrid cars are growing more and more sophisticated, and companies such as Toyota and Honda, with their head starts in these areas, may move more quickly down the learning curve, producing their cars more cheaply and in greater volumes, which would make it difficult for other companies to catch up to them. To plan Ford’s long-term investments in the hybrid car business, Mulally needs a 10-year forecast of the overall U.S. hybrid Copyright  © 2008 by DecisionPro, Inc. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, go to www.decisionpro.biz. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the permission of DecisionPro, Inc.  market, the world’s largest consumer of gasoline, along with corresponding forecasts for the sales of Ford’s hybrid cars if they are made available to the market. Background A hybrid car is an automobile powered by two sources: (1) an internal combustion engine or diesel engine, as in a regular car, and (2) an electric motor. However, hybrid cars do not need to be recharged via electric plugs; instead, they receive charge from the movement of the wheels and store the generated kinetic energy through a process called regenerative braking. Hybrid cars provide higher mileage by requiring a less powerful engine than a comparable regular car and help conserve nonrenewable sources of energy, such as diesel or gasoline. The smaller engine in the hybrid car is powerful enough to move the car along on the freeway, but when it needs to accelerate or get up a steep hill, it needs the assistance of the electric motor and battery to boost the power output. Hybrid cars work much like regular cars and create little difference in terms of how they are driven, refilled with gas, or serviced. However, hybrid cars typically cost approximately $3,000 more than comparable re gular cars (base price of $25,000 to $30,000) and offer a 10– 15% improvement in gas mileage. The actual savings depend on the driving habits of the user; gradual acceleration, coasting, and the use of cruise control help increase mileage. Although many experts have predicted that hybrids will be the cars of the future, it remains difficult to predict their popularity with consumers and, consequently, their profitability for auto companies. Within the past few years, hybrid cars have gone from being novelties, bought largely by environmentalists and technology-oriented consumers, to represent an established, though small, part of the automotive landscape. According to J.D. Power & Associates, hybrids constitute approximately 1.5% of the total U.S. light-vehicle market, but sales have been growing quickly as other segments have stagnated or fallen. Sales in 2005 of 205,000 units were more than double the 2004 sales levels. A recent survey by J.D. Power also reveals that 57% of consumers who expect to acquire a new vehicle within the next two years will consider a hybrid. Worldwide, approximately 800 million cars and light trucks are in operation, and 240 million of these are in the United States. By 2020, 1 billion cars and light trucks are expected to be in use worldwide. All these cars could eventually be replaced by hybrid cars. In addition to consumer demand for hybrid cars, car manufacturers’ interest in hybrid cars is driven by CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) regulation, according to which an automaker must maintain a minimum mileage of 27.5 miles per gallon (mpg) across passenger cars in its product line and 20.7 mpg across light trucks. The U.S. Congress appears likely to raise these standards in the future in response to societal pressures; according to some experts, the CAFE average may rise to 35 mpg or higher by 2020 across the entire product line (i.e., including all passenger cars and light trucks produced by the manufacturer). Hybrid cars offer the opportunity to raise gas mileage sufficiently to meet this requirement, and therefore, most car manufacturers have either launched hybrid cars or announced plans to do so. An auto manufacturer that fails to meet the standard must pay a penalty to the federal government, which some companies, including BMW, Porsche, and Ferrari, have paid i n 2006. 1 1 The penalty for failing to meet CAFE standards is $5.50 per tenth of a mile per gallon under the target. Thus, a manufacturer that produces cars that average 2 miles below the target and sells 10,000 cars in a given year will pay a fine of $1,100,000 for that year. In 2006, BMW paid a fine of $5.1 million. FORD HYBRID CAR CASE 2/8 Forecasting Considerations The chart in Exhibit 1, from www.hybridcars.com, illustrates the variety of opinions regarding sales forecasts for hybrid cars. The black line shows hybrid sales continuing at their current pace, determined in the time since hybrids first were introduced in 2000. Considering the future five-year timeframe, J.D. Power forecasts are well below the line, whereas others (e.g., D.O.E., Freedonia Group, BoozAllen) predict wider public acceptance of hybrids. Exhibit 1: Forecasts for Hybrid Cars  The wide variation in forecasts reflects some fundamental uncertainties surrounding this technology and market: Technology uncertainties: Many alternative technologies offer different price/performance points. The gas–electric hybrid is the most common; alternative technologies include pure electric cars and fuel cell cars. Alternative fuels might be used in nonhybrid cars and could gain popularity, swaying consumers away from buying hybrids. Some alternative fuels currently in use include E85 (an 85% ethanol blend), clean diesel, and natural gas. For 2006, Ford increased its production of four vehicles that can run on a mixture of gasoline and E85 (i.e., F-150 pickup trucks, Ford Crown Victorias, Mercury Grand Marquis, and Lincoln Towncars). In a 2005 KPMG survey of 140 senior auto executives, 88% predicted that gas–electric hybrids would gain market share. Even within the gas–electric hybrid market, automakers apply the hybrid technology at varying levels. For example, Honda and Toyota make full-blown hybrid cars, whereas General Motors eased into the sector with a scaled-down, less-expensive hybrid technology that still needed some gasoline to power the transmission. A FORD HYBRID CAR CASE 3/8 breakthrough in battery technology may create a shakeout among the alternative technologies. According to the Department of Energy, either lithium ion or lithium polymer batteries may offer the best future technologies. Lithium ion batteries possess nearly twice the energy of NiMH (nickel–metal– hydride) batteries but require significant circuitry to prevent overcharging and undercharging. They also require thermal management and pose some safety concerns. Hydraulic hybrid technology also is considered superior to the electric hybrid technology, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); UPS is currently testing hydraulic hybrid trucks for use in its regular fleet. Auto companies are also testing other technologies; in 2007, BMW plans to produce 100 hydrogen cars for its 7 series. BMW spokesperson Andreas Klugescheid notes that these cars will not be sold but rather given to consumers who may â€Å"have a potential impact on making a hydrogen economy happen.† These cars will run on hydrogen or gasoline, depending on the driver’s preference, which acknowledges the limited availability of hydrogen fuel and the difficulties associated with distributing it. Market uncertainties: Many uncertainties surround the decisions of both dealers and consumers. For consumers, the potential economic benefit of a hybrid car depends on the price of gasoline. At a gas price of $2.50 per gallon, the breakeven point between a hybrid and a regular gasoline car can occur after 50,000 miles of driving. The higher initial cost is also a barrier to many consumers. To make hybrid cars more attractive to consumers, federal and state governments offer several incentives. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT) offers consumers and businesses federal tax credits for their purchase of fuel-efficient, hybrid electric vehicles, in effect through 2007. The amount of tax credit depends on the fuel economy and ranges from $400 to $2500 per vehicle. Some states also offer special incentives for hybrid car drivers, such as solo use of high occupancy lanes (e.g., Georgia, Florida, Arizona), tax credits (e.g., Utah, Illinois, Colorado), or exemption from sales tax on the ca r (e.g., Connecticut, New Mexico). At the same time, some consumers are willing to buy hybrids, even at higher differential prices, to make a statement (you are what you drive!). The Toyota Prius was such a success that dealers charged additional fees for the car and established buyer waiting lists. According to surveys, some consumers would be willing to pay somewhat more for electricity to power their cars if they knew it was coming from renewable and nonpolluting resources. Hybrids also may require some changes in driving habits, such as learning to accelerate and stop smoothly and coasting whenever possible. Many consumers also are not aware that, unlike most regular cars, hybrids achieve better mileage during city driving compared with highway driving. Ford is organizing special â€Å"driver education† events, during which current owners  will team up with Ford engineers to discover ways to improve gas mileage when using hybrid cars. The company hopes that such activities will promote wordof-mouth communications about Ford’s hybrid cars. According to Mary Ann Wright, Ford’s director of hybrid technologies, through this program, â€Å"we created about 300 ambassadors for us. It’s free advertising, and we’re getting some great feedback from them.† Many celebrities, including Leonardo DiCaprio, Cameron Diaz, Bill Maher, and Will Ferrell, not only drive hybrid vehicles but openly promote their choice. Thus, it is becoming easier for consumers to hear buzz about hybrid cars and educate themselves, such as through Internet research or by discussing the option with friends and acquaintances who may own a hybrid. The demographics of the typical hybrid car buyer thus may change in the future, especially if the cars grow more attractive to mainstream car buyers. The characteristics of current hybrid car owners are summarized in the  FORD HYBRID CAR CASE. 4/8 following list (Source: Walter McManus, director of the Office for the Study of Automotive Transportation, University of Michigan): †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ High level of education. Higher income than the average new buyer—approximately $100,000 a year versus $85,000 a year for the average buyer. More likely to be female. A few years older than the average car buyer—closer to 50 than the average age of 40 years for all car buyers. Drive fewer miles on average. Plan to keep their car longer than the average person—a little more than five years rather than less than five years. Willing to pay more for an environmentally friendly (or â€Å"green†) product. Want to do something to help reduce vehicle pollution. More pessimistic about the future of fuel prices than the average person. Forecasting Hybrid Car Adoption Using the  Bass Model A key consideration in developing forecasts using the Bass model is an understanding of the diffusion process of analogous products. Several different product categories may provide suitable analogs based on the â€Å"substitution† of one type of technology by another. Using this logic, the market research group at Ford has proposed that the diffusion process of diesel cars in Europe might provide a suitable analogous situation because, over time, diesel cars substituted for gasoline cars as the technology of choice. Starting with Volkswagen’s introduction of its Golf diesel car in 1976, the adoption of diesel cars has progressed steadily, and diesel vehicles now account for more than 50% of new car registrations in Western Europe. However, according to Christy Swiecki, an auto industry analyst, the adoption of hybrid cars in the United States is likely to be slower, if the experience of switching to renewable energy is any guide. Although wind, solar, and geothermal so urces of energy are more environmentally friendly, their adoption rates have been slow, partly because traditional sources of energy (e.g., coal, petroleum) remain relatively inexpensive and convenient, and alternative sources may not provide greater economic benefits when the total consumer experience is taken into account. According to Swiecki, initial enthusiasm for hybrid cars will fade, especially once the market expands beyond the traditional high-income, environmentally friendly consumers and as people begin to realize the potential environmental issues with respect to the disposal of the rechargeable batteries in their hybrid cars. She therefore projects sales of hybrid cars in 2015 will be, at most, in the range of 6–8% of the total light-vehicle market of approximately 16.5 million vehicles. Another approach to forecasting views hybrid technology as a â€Å"feature enhancement† to a regular car that increases its mileage. In that case, hybrid cars would be perceived as just another â€Å"under-the-hood-innovation† that delivers more fuel efficiency without sacrificing power, and they should appeal to a broad market. Using this perspective, the market research group at Ford has proposed that the adoption patterns of antilock braking systems (ABS) and fuel-injection technologies might be useful analogs. Both these  technologies were built into products and offered as enhanced features that the customer could choose to buy.  Although ABS originally was created for use in aircrafts, by the early 1970s, ABS technology was being developed for automobiles. In 1978, Bosch created FORD HYBRID CAR CASE 5/8 the first ABS that could be successfully mass produced, and Mercedes-Benz and BMW began to offer the technology. The early versions weighed about 6 lbs (compared with 1.5 lbs today) and cost several thousand dollars. By 1985, less than 1% of all new vehicles worldwide were equipped with ABS—mostly high-profile, high-cost vehicles. In 1985, the Chevy Corvette came standard with ABS for the first time, and by 1989, it was standard in all Porsche models, followed by Mercedes-Benz in 1992. By 2000, 60% of new cars worldwide had ABS, and by 2003, this rate had increased to 69%. Fuel injection is another potential technology enhancement that could serve as an analog for hybrid cars. In a gasoline engine, small amounts of fuel  mix with air during combustion. Since the inception of the auto industry, carburettors were the predominant method to meter the amount of fuel used. An engine’s air-to-fuel ratio must be controlled accurately in different operating conditions to achieve the desired performance metrics. With the development of electronic fuel injection (EFI) technology, fuel could be metered very accurately and precisely, which helped increase gas mileage and reduce air pollutants compared with their levels in carburetted engines. Even though EFI was a much superior technology, the transition from carburettors to EFI was gradual, taking about 14 years from 1979 to 1993 for EFI to displace carburettors. Reasons for the gradual transition included the initial high cost of EFI systems (about $600 more per unit than carburettors) and the lack of cl early perceptible benefits for car owners. As a result, the early EFI systems appeared only in luxury and performance cars, which could absorb their higher costs into the overall price. From Market Forecasts to Forecasts for Ford Ford is primarily interested in how many hybrid cars it will be able to sell in the next 10 years so it can make sound judgments about how much capacity for hybrid cars to build in its factories, as well as the amount of effort it should devote to training its dealer network that will sell the cars. Therefore, marketlevel forecasts need to be converted into forecasts for Ford brand hybrid cars. Exhibits 2 and 3 summarize sales of hybrid cars from 2000 to 2006 and sales of Ford hybrid cars relative to the total market in 2006. Ford introduced the Ford Escape hybrid in late 2004 and the Mercury Mariner hybrid in early 2006. Year Number of Hybrid Models (Light Vehicles) U.S. Sales of Hybrid Cars (Units) U.S. Total Number of New Cars (Light Vehicles) Sold 2000 2 9,350 13,181,000 2001 2 20,287 13,510,000 2002 2 35,000 13,639,000 2003 3 47,525 13,594,000 2004 5 88,000 13,609,000 2005 7 215,000 13,551,000 2006 10 252,636 13,271,000 Exhibit 2: Sales of Hybrids in the United States Notes: Light vehicles include passenger cars, sport utility vehicles, vans, and pickup trucks. FORD HYBRID CAR CASE 6/8 Car Model Honda Insight Toyota Prius Honda Civic Honda Accord Toyota Camry Toyota Highlander Lexus RX400h Lexus GS450h Ford Escape Ford Mercury Mariner Total Combined (city + highway) EPA mpg 57 55 50 31 39 29 29 26 34 31 Jan. 2006 59 7,654 3,165 351 n/a 2,263 1,477 n/a 801 97 15,867 Feb. 2006 72 6,547 1,780 783 n/a 2,631 1,803 n/a 1,233 108 14,957 Mar. 2006 79 7,922 2,232 581 n/a 2,987 2,470 n/a 1,441 149 17,861 Apr. 2006 110 8,234 3,087 614 86 3,768 2,247 141 3,039 381 21,707 May. 2006 92 8,103 2,890 520 3,032 3,755 2,006 294 2,434 428 23,554 Jun. 2006 77 9,696 2,601 396 4,268 2,705 1,190 231 1,569 315 23,048 Jul. 2006 91 11,114 2,673 504 5,023 2,784 1,220 157 2,060 423 26,049 Aug. 2006 109 11,177 3,411 499 4,977 2,581 1,514 192 1,789 351 26,600 Sep. 2006 19 10,492 2,508 389 4,044 2,347 1,687 164 1,369 282 23,301 Oct. 2006 9 8,733 2,288 287 2,806 1,643 1,239 177 1,343 259 18,784 Nov 2006 2 8,008 2,208 311 3,100 1,667 1,327 176 1,323 161 18,283 Dec 2006 3 9,291 2,408 363 4,005 2,354 1,981 252 1,748 220 22,625 Total Unit Sales 2006 722 106,971 31,251 5,598 31,341 31,485 20,161 1,784 20,149 3,174 252,636 Exhibit 3: Unit Sales of Different Models of Hybrid Cars, 2006. (Source: www.hybridcars.com; www.fueleconomy.gov). FORD HYBRID CAR CASE 7/8 EXERCISES (1) Summarize and justify alternative scenarios (i.e., compelling stories about the future) ranging from pessimistic to optimistic with regard to market performance of hybrid cars. (2) Develop forecasts of hybrid car penetration in the U.S. market from 2007 through 2016 for each scenario you develop, along with a justification and explanation for your forecasts. (In applying the Bass model, note that market penetration data for the four analog products mentioned in the case, namely, ABS, EFI, Solar, and Diesel cars, were all reckoned in terms of the percentage of the target market that adopted the product. Thus the maximum market potential can at most be equal to 100). (3) Recommend short-term and long-term strategies that Ford should pursue based on the forecasts that you develop. Note: This case was developed by Professor Arvind Rangaswamy with assistance from Megan Ruth De Stefano and Sasi Amarlapudi. The case is based on publicly available information as of January 2007. Its purpose is to illustrate a business situation involving forecasting, based on real events; it does not purport to represent actual decisions made by the Ford Motor Company. Data and the case situation described here are based on information obtained from public sources listed in the body of the text and the following: U.S. Department of Transportation; http://www.hybridcars.com; USA Today, October 14, 2005; Plunkett Research, Ltd.; The Wall Street Journal, September 13, 2006.

Troy vs Iliad

The movie Troy written by David Benioff and directed by Wolfgang Petersen was inspired by The Iliad, an ancient Greek poem about the time of warrior Achilles argument with King Agamemnon during the Trojan War. Some events the film where taken straight from the Iliad, and is at times the two stories are very similar to one another. However there are several major differences between them, as Troy the movie was made to appealing to twenty first century audiences, where as the Iliad was meant to appeal to Greeks in the eighth century BC.The difference in time, culture, and format between the movie and the Iliad make differences such as the gods roles and time the stories covered, are necessary to allow both to be understood and interesting by their audience, and where producible at the time. Time difference. The Iliad only tells part of the story of the Trojan War, covering only a few weeks during the war. The Iliad begins nine years after the start of the war, during the final year of the war.However the movie begins before the Trojan War, and continues through to the end of the war. The movie aims to give more of an overview of the events leading to and during the war, where as the Iliad only focuses on a small piece of the full story. When hearing the Iliad the ancient Greeks would have known the rest of the story about the Trojan War, as it was part of their culture, they would have heard the stories from the time they were very young.Because of this the Iliad did not need to explain why the Trojans and Greeks where at war, as its audience would already know what had happened before the Iliad, and they would also know what happens after the Iliad. Modern audiences on the other hand have not grown up hearing tales of the Trojan War, it is not part of our culture, and so most people watching troy would not already know how the war started, or who the different characters are. Because of this the movie begins by introducing some of important characters, the warri or Achilles and king Agamemnon, leader of the Greek kingdoms.The first scene of the film lets the audience know who king Agamemnon is and how powerful he is. It also shows how Achilles and Agamemnon feel about one another. Referring to Achilles King Agamemnon says â€Å"Of all the warlords loved by the gods, I hate him the most. † Later in the scene when speaking about Agamemnon Achilles says â€Å"He's not my king. † This sets up the ill feelings between the two, which is very important in the rest of the movie, as well as in the Iliad.The movie then continues to explain why the Trojan War began, and introduces the rest of the main characters before showing the beginning of the war. This allows its audience to understand what is happening in the movie without already having knowledge about the war and the characters in it. The movie also continues on after the end of the Iliad, which ends with the King of troy, Priam getting his son, Hector’s body back from Ach illes, who had killed him and taken the body back to the Greek camp.The movie however continues on passed this point, going on to show the end of the war. This was changed because the film amid to give an overview of the whole war, if it ended the same as the Iliad modern audiences would most likely have felt confused by the ending, and would want to know what happened afterwards. To the modern audience it would seem like a strange place to end, as they would expect the main conflict of the film, the Trojan War, to be solved before the movie ends.The length of the Trojan War is also changed in the Movie, in the Iliad the war has already been going for nine years, implying it was a long hard struggle for the Greeks to take Troy. In comparison the movie makes it appear as though the entire war lasted a number of weeks. The ancient Greeks would have known about war, as it was part of their culture, and would find it believable that the war between two such strong armies, with Troy†™s strong walls to protect them would take time, they also knew the Iliad was only part of what happened, and they had other stories about the rest of the war.Modern audiences however, especially in western culture do not have war as a large part of their culture, so are happy to believe the war lasted only a few weeks. The movie also did not have time to explain what happened in the nine years before, and as it does not really affect the storyline of the movie or Iliad it would have been easier to cut it out, then try to explain to the audience how much time had passed between events. The role of the Gods The role of the gods differs greatly between the movie and the poem.In the Iliad the Olympic Gods and Goddesses play a major role in the lives of the characters, and the outcome of the war. The Gods continuously intervene in the characters lives, hugely involving themselves in all the main events in the Iliad. For example in the Iliad when Paris a prince of Troy, fights Menelaus , king Agamemnon’s brother, for the beautiful Helen, the Goddess Aphrodite intervenes to save Paris when she see’s he is losing: â€Å"Aphrodite hid Paris in a dense mist and whisked him away. There are many other examples in the Iliad of Gods becoming involved in the Trojan War, such as when Zeus, the king of the gods, persuades king Agamemnon to launch a full scale attack on Troy in a dream, and later when it looks like the war might be over Athena convinces a Trojan archer to fire at Menelaus to anger the Greeks and make sure the war continues. Smaller deities are also involved in the Iliad, such as the spirit of a river called Xanthus, which was near Troy.The river is on the side of the Trojans, and when Achilles killed many Trojan solders in and near the river, the river â€Å"raised a high wave and attacked him †¦ The great and terrible wave gathered about Achilles, falling upon him and beating on his shield, so that he could not keep his feet. † Ach illes was saved by the rivers anger by another deity, Hephaestus, god of metal work, who boiled the river. In the Iliad Achilles mother, Thetis, is also a deity, she is a river nymph, who convinces Hephaestus to make Achilles new armor after Hector takes his old armor.The continued presence and intervention by the Gods in the Iliad is very different in the Movie. In the movie only one deity, Thetis, is ever seen. It is not inertly clear in the movie if she is a goddess, though it seems more likely that she is not one. A boy who wakes Achilles for battle mentions a rumor he heard about her, saying â€Å"They say your mother is an immortal goddess† the only time we see Thetis in the movie keeping with her being a river nymph she is standing walking in the ocean, collecting shells.However apart from this she appears to be mortal, as there is nothing godly about her, she looks like an older women, which you would not expect if she was an immortal nymph, but makes sense if she is Achilles mortal mother. Thetis only appears the movie once, near the beginning, before Achilles goes to Troy, to prophesize that if Achilles goes to Troy he will die there. The rest of the gods are never shown in the movie, although they are mentioned.The film makes it clear the Greeks and Trojans believe in the gods, at one point Achilles has his men ransack a temple of sun god Apollo, one of his followers Eudorus tells Achilles â€Å"Apollo sees everything. Perhaps it is not wise to offend him. † However Achilles does not care and cuts the head off a statue of Apollo. The Trojan king Priam asks a priest of Apollo for advice before he goes to battle, listening to the priest, as he believes the man is â€Å"a servant of the gods. † And that the signs the priest sees are from the gods, telling him what will happen. Achilles also speaks of the gods, but not in as kind a light as the others, when briam

Canadian Constitutional Rights And Freedoms

Canadian Constitutional Rights And Freedoms Question #4: List and Discuss the rights and freedoms Canadians enjoy. What protections are missing our constitution and how could these omissions affect you as an individual? What inclusions would make the ideal constitution.Canadian Rights and Freedoms: - Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms - Fundamental Freedoms - Democratic Rights - Mobility Rights - Legal Rights - Equality Rights - Official languages of Canada - Minority language education rights - Enforcement - General - Application of Charter Canada's Charter of rights and freedoms is for the most part a thorough document which spesfically outlines the rights and freedoms that citizens of Canada enjoy. Although there are a couple of areas of the Charter which could use some sections which secure the ones which have wholes in them. Section 1 of the Charter is one of these area's because on the surface it is some what misleading in such that it is simply rights are guaranteed in the Constitution but, it is possible for parliament a nd provincial legislatures.The interior of the House of Commons of Canada, in...

Information Technology (IT) Vocabulary for ESL

Information Technology (IT) Vocabulary for ESL The Information Technology Field is large and accounts for a lot of jobs. If English isnt your native language, it can be difficult to know what vocabulary you need to use for work or talking about the industry. You can find the right words in the Occupational Handbook provided by the United States Department of Labor, but looking through all of them can be overwhelming. To make things easier, here is a list of some of the most important English vocabulary items for the information technology field, selected from the Occupational Handbook. This list is by no means complete. However, it provides a good starting point to further explore the vocabulary youll use in the industry. Each word includes its ​part of speech. There are a number of suggestions at the end of the list to help you build on and further improve your vocabulary. Top Information Technology Vocabulary Ability - (noun)Accounting - (noun)Addition - (noun)Adequate - (adjective)Administrator - (noun)Advance - (noun / verb)Analysis - (noun)Analysts - (noun)Analyze - (verb)Annual - (adjective)Application - (noun)Architect - (noun)Area - (noun)Arise - (verb)Associate - (noun / verb)Background - (noun)Business - (noun)Carpal - (adjective)Carrier - (noun)Certification - (noun)Chapter - (noun)Chief - (noun)Code - (noun / verb)Common - (adjective)Communicate - (verb)Communication - (noun)Competitive - (adjective)Computer - (noun)Computing - (noun)Concentrate - (noun / verb)Considerable - (adjective)Consultant - (noun)Consulting - (noun)Coordinate - (verb)Create - (verb)Customer - (noun)Cyber - (adjective)Data - (noun)Database - (noun)Deal - (noun / verb)Decline - (verb)Demand - (noun / verb)Design - (noun)Designer - (noun)Detailed - (adjective)Determine - (verb)Developer - (noun)Development - (noun)Discussion - (noun)Effectively - (adverb)Efficiency - (noun)Electronic - (adjective)Employ - ( verb) Engineering - (noun)Engineer - (noun)Enterprise - (noun)Environment - (noun)Equipment - (noun)Expertise - (noun)Eyestrain - (noun)Finance - (noun)Financial - (adjective)Firm - (noun)Force - (noun / verb)Function - (noun)Goal - (noun)Graduate - (noun / verb)Hardware - (noun)Implementation - (noun)Install - (verb)Institution - (noun)Instruction - (noun)Insurance - (noun)Integrate - (verb)Intranet - (noun)Introductory - (noun)Involved - (adjective)Keyboard - (noun)Knowledge - (noun)Laboratory - (noun)Language - (noun)Latest - (superlative adjective)Lead - (noun / verb)Leadership - (noun)Level - (noun)Location - (noun)Lowest - (superlative adjective)Maintain - (verb)Maintenance - (noun)Marketing - (noun)Mathematics - (noun)Matrix - (noun)Median - (noun)Mobile - (adjective)Monitor - (noun / verb)Nature - (noun)Network - (noun)Networking - (noun)Officer - (noun)Office - (noun)Offshore - (adjective)Order - (noun / verb)Organization - (noun)Outsourcing - (noun)Oversee - (verb)Pdf - (noun)Per form - (verb) Performance - (noun)Period - (noun)Plan - (noun / verb)Prevailing - (adjective)Problem - (noun)Process - (noun / verb)Product - (noun)Program - (noun / verb)Programmer - (noun)Project - (noun)Projections - (noun)Promoted - (adjective)Prospect - (noun)Provide - (verb)Publishing - (noun)Rapid - (adjective)Reduce - (verb)Relevant - (adjective)Remote - (adjective)Replace - (verb)Research - (noun / verb)Resource - (noun)Respond - (verb)Rounded - (adjective)Sales - (noun)Science - (noun)Scientific - (adjective)Scientist - (noun)Section - (noun)Security - (noun)Service - (noun)Simultaneously - (adverb)Site - (noun)Software - (noun)Sophisticated - (adjective)Specialist - (noun)Specialized - (adjective)Specific - (adjective)Spend - (verb)Staff - (noun)Statistic - (noun)Substantial - (adjective)Sufficient - (adjective)Support - (noun / verb)Syndrome - (noun)System - (noun)Task - (noun)Technical - (adjective)Technician - (noun)Technological - (adjective)Technology - (noun)Telecommunications - ( noun) Title - (noun)Tool - (noun)Training - (noun)Transfer - (noun / verb)Uncommon - (adjective)Understanding - (noun)User - (noun)Variety - (noun)Vendor - (noun)Web - (noun)Webmaster - (noun)Wireless - (adjective)Worker - (noun)Workplace - (noun) Improving Your Vocabulary Tips Review each word in the list. Do you know its meaning? If not, look it up in the dictionary.Use each word in a sentence. Using a new word both when speaking and writing will help you remember it.Use the words to describe your job, or working in the information technology profession in general. How specific can you be? Which words do you need beyond this list? Make sure to keep track.Learn synonyms and antonyms by using an online thesaurus  to further extend your vocabulary.Use a visual dictionary. It  will help you learn the names of specific equipment used in the industry.Listen to co-workers and note how they use these words. Ask co-workers about new words when youre not sure.Ask co-workers questions about how new words are used at work.Search online for information about information technology. Listen to podcasts on the subject, read a blog about agriculture. Keep informed in English and your knowledge of related vocabulary will grow quickly.

Problems Associated With Racism. Emmett Till and Trayvon Martin Essay

Problems Associated With Racism. Emmett Till and Trayvon Martin - Essay Example This was a difficult spell which was characterised by white supremacy in order to prove dominance. This dominance was displayed over a group of people who were believed not to belong in the same society as the white people. People, mostly African American, would bear the full brunt of the race factor, since they were often affiliated with negativity. This paper will review the comparison that existed between the Emmett Till lynching and the Trayvon Martin killing. Also, it will address the issue of negative perception on a certain race, and how it is affecting the American people. The negative perception from the whites helped bring forth a string of riots and rise in civil rights movements across the nation. This was since the African Americans felt that their rights were being violated. In the case of Trayvon Martin, there was a similar case of negative perception. A young man heading home from the convenient store with a bag of skittles and iced tea gets shot since he looked suspicious. He was dressed in ordinary blue jeans and wearing a hoodie. That was enough to send the young man to an early grave. This negative perception has not changed entirely even with the reforms that have taken place during the time of Martin Luther King (Metress 65). People are still misdirected, and it is taking a toll on the young African American people of America. As Mississippi was a state that had the most number of African Americans, it was hard for whites and the blacks to entirely get along. This led to the division of people and the division of everything else. There we re schools designed for the blacks, buses, and even hotels. The blacks mixing and mingling with the whites was considered a crime (Metress 72). It was a punishable offense for a black man to gaze at a white lady. That was considered inappropriate, and often led to the arrest of many black men. The perception that black men are violent often has them suspected for many violent crimes which later, leads to their persecution. In light of this, it was highly crucial for the black men and women of Mississippi to keep to their kind; attend their own schools and even, ride their own buses. However, in the wake of Emmett Till’s killing, the rise in riots and boycotts showed the strength of the African American minority group (Nelson 54). Groups that advocated for equal civil rights as the whites emerged, and pushed for equality among all people regardless of their colour. The death of Emmett Till was considered a pivotal point in the uprisings made by the African American minority. C ivil rights groups emerged in the wake of his death and wanted justice to all those responsible, while advocating for equality. This saw many black people killed in strange and bizarre circumstances. Some were bombed, others were drowned, some were bludgeoned, and others, shot to death (Nelson 63). All this happened in the name of white supremacy. It did not matter that lives were being lost and that the state was in chaos. All that mattered to the white extremists was for them to have control over the minority group. African Americans urged their children to join in the fight for equality, and they did without hesitation. They boycotted school and marched on to the streets to advocate for the treatment of all persons equally. The beating and hosing down of the children brought the president to action, and Mississippi grabbed the consideration of other states, as well. Emmett Till’s death can be considered the turning point (Nelson 72). This is because after it happened, the strength of the African American people could be felt and seen across the realm. Focus was shifted to the injustices, the killings, and

Study Framework Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Study Framework - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that  it is crystal clear that, other than the definition of pain, the theoretical framework fails to describe and define the concepts of interest. Concepts of interest are symbolic or image representation of abstract ideas. They are major components of theories thus conveys the abstract ideas within the theories.  The author just uses the several concepts such as touch and pain, stimuli, impulses, neurons, pathways, responsivity, synapse, innocuous, neurons, intensity, skin, noxious among others.From this paper it is clear that  the framework presents the relationships among the concepts and such relationships include: Firstly, specialized sense organs encode pain and touch stimuli. Secondly, impulses for every modality travel along distinct pathways. Impulses project to pain and touch centers in the brain. Intensity affects pathways for stimuli because the number of impulses that are present in neurons determines the intensity of a stimulus. Also, low leve ls of activity encode innocuous stimuli while high level of activity encodes noxious stimuli. Somatic sense organs are responsive to a wide range of stimulus intensities. Finally, different sense organs tend to have distinct levels of responsivity to stimuli. The patter of activity or a population code of neurons encodes the location and modality of the stimulus.  The map or model of the framework is provided for clarity. The review provides a diagram and a conceptual framework for each of the four most influential theories of pain perception.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 35

History - Essay Example It is for this notion alone that the memorial is more commonly known today as the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. The integration of the subterranean museum to the memorial is a good idea to give the whole structure a more relative association to the Holocaust. In a way this could serve as a cohesive rationalization that the visual abstract from the ideological meaning. This thought of commemoration is the entire reason behind all the controversies, praises and criticisms, behind Peter Eisenman’s work. The opinion of Prof. Norman Finkelstein is quite understandable from his perspective as and his viewpoint of the whole scenario as an industry. This is quite an entangled revisionist theory that sees all that happened under a very different life than all that is contained in most history books pertaining to World War II. Finkelstein opinion of a Holocaust Memorial in Washington DC is not without its merit. The whole endeavour seems futile as there is, in my view, no direct correlation that sufficiently necessitates it. This does, to a certain extent, instigates the exploitation of the Holo caust and the emotions it

Analyse Evidence For Case Linkage In Criminal Profiling Psychology Essay

Analyse Evidence For Case Linkage In Criminal Profiling Psychology Essay For thousands of years inferences of a persons characteristics from their thoughts, motives, and actions have been made (Canter Alison, 1997) although the application of these inferences to criminal investigations was first done in the 1970s by the FBI (Egger, 1999). Offender profiling, now known as behavioural investigative advice, is the process of providing inferences of likely offender characteristics based on crime scene information (Canter Alison, 1999). Case linkage is now more commonly known as linkage analysis which is the process of identifying whether or not a series of crimes have been committed by the same offender using crime scene behaviours (Hazelwood Warren, 2003). Case linkage produces similar fact evidence in legal cases so that offenders can be charged with numerous offences (Ormerod, 1999). Case linkage can also allow all relevant crime scene information to be pooled thus making the use of investigative resources more efficient (Grubin, Kelly, Burnsden, 2001). The practices of case linkage and offender profiling have overlapping as well as separate assumptions. Case linkage and offender profiling both use theories from personality psychology and the assumption underlying the practices of both offender profiling and case linkage is consistency (Woodhams Toye, 2007). Regarding offender profiling, individuals need to be consistent in their actions for there to be similarity associations between an individuals behaviour and characteristics (Mokros Alison, 2002). In reference to case linkage, this consistency refers to the offender exhibiting similar behaviours each time he or she offends (Canter, 1995; Grubin et al., 2001; Woodhams, Hollin, Bull, 2007). If offenders were not consistent in their offending behaviour, then it would not be possible to determine which single offender committed the crimes on the basis of their behavioural similarity. An additional assumption underlying the practice of offender profiling is homology (Alison, Benne ll, Mokros, Ormerod, 2002). This assumption states that offenders who commit crimes in a similar style will have similar background characteristics (Woodhams Toye, 2007). Therefore, offenders who have different crime scene behaviour will have different characteristics. According to Woodhams and Toye (2007) an additional assumption underlying the practice of case linkage is behavioural distinctiveness. This assumption refers to the actions of an individual serial offender being different to other offenders committing similar crimes. This paper will now discuss the evidence for the assumptions underlying the practices of case linkage and offender profiling. Then methods to combat the problems of the assumptions underlying the practices of case linkage and offender profiling will be presented. Finally, a conclusion will be reached as to whether there is enough evidence to support the assumptions underlying the practices of case linkage and offender profiling to produce valid and useful results. Case linkage and offender profiling: Behavioural consistency Behavioural consistency is an assumption that underlies the practices of case linkage and offender profiling. Psychological research has defined behavioural consistency as the repetition of particular aspects of behaviour if the same offender engages in the same type of offence again (Canter, 1995). Conversely, criminological research has defined behavioural consistency as the probability that an individual will repeatedly commit similar types of offences (Farrington, 1997). With regard to case linkage, it refers to the hypothesis that people are consistent in their behaviour across situations and the consistency assumption of offender profiling implies that the behaviour of one offender must be more consistent than the behaviour between all other offenders (Woodhams Toye, 2007). Behavioural consistency has been investigated by personality psychology studies and the hypothesis has been confirmed that people produce similar behaviour when they are faced with situations with similar psychological meaning to them (Mischel Shoda, 1995). There is also supporting evidence that offenders commit crime in a consistent manner. For example, Farrington and Lambert (1997) showed that offenders are consistent in the choice of crime type. Furthermore, offenders have been shown to be consistent in their behaviour across robbery (Woodhams Toye, 2007), arson (Santtila, Fritzon, Tamelander, 2005), burglary (Bennell Canter, 2002), homicide (Salfati Bateman, 2005), and sexual assault (Grubin et al., 2001). Therefore, there is evidence of the consistency assumption that underlies the practices of offender profiling and case linkage. Case linkage: Behavioural consistency and distinctiveness A necessity in proving consistency for investigative purposes is that an individuals behavioural variation must be less than others to be investigatively useful which Woodhams and Toye (2007) named distinctiveness. An example of this behavioural consistency is that Jack the offender always robs a bank at gun point which is 100 percent consistent. Although if the majority of other bank robbers also rob banks at gun point then it cannot be concluded that Jack has committed the burglary in question. This consistency can be tested by predicting whether two crimes are committed by the same offender (linked) or by two different offenders (unlinked). Grubin et al. (2001) combined behavioural consistency and distinctiveness and found that linked crime and unlinked crimes are able to be reliably distinguished using behavioural consistency and distinctiveness theory. Using this approach, research with robberies and burglaries by Bennell and Jones (2005), have also shown that linkage status can be accurately predicted. Cervone and Shoda (1999) have researched personality psychology and found that people consistently exhibit individual differences on some personality traits in similar situations which provides support of case linkage (Bennell Canter, 2002). Although a review by Biesanz, West, and Kwok (2003) showed that personality psychologists and investigative psychologists examine consistency and distinctiveness differently. Shoda (1999) states that personality psychologists see individuals as demonstrating similar trait-related behaviour in different situations and although peoples behaviour does change in different situations they remain relatively stable compared to other people. For example, if person B is more aggressive in one situation than person A, then in different situations, person B will always exhibit more aggressive behaviour than person A although they both exhibit different levels of aggression in different situations. Although personality psychologists are able to observe beha viour in highly controlled experimental conditions, the same cannot be done by investigative psychologists. Instead they use behavioural signatures, modus operandi, or psychological themes to determine the support of the behavioural distinctiveness and consistency assumptions which will be discussed next. Behavioural signature Hazelwood and Warren (2003) state that signatures are ritualised actions that are not necessary to commit or conceal the crime but are unique fantasies and drives of the offender to commit the crimes. These actions aid case linkage as they will be consistently exhibited in all of an offenders crimes (Hazelwood Warren, 2003). There is some evidence for the existence of signatures in serial homicide and rape (Hazelwood Warren, 2003), although there is no empirical evidence. One reason for this is that signatures may not be identified at crime scenes due to victim reactions or other situational factors (Douglas Munn, 1992). Furthermore, Labuschagne (2006) states that foraging animals and body decomposition may disrupt the crime scene. Finally, it is difficult to separate the offenders behavioural signature from the modus operandi (Hazelwood Warren, 2003). From the evidence presented above, behavioural signatures may only exist in particular types of relatively rare crimes such as fantasy-driven, interpersonal, and serial violent crimes in specific situations. Therefore there is not enough evidence to support the use of behavioural signatures to determine behavioural consistency and distinctiveness as part of case linkage for all crimes. Modus Operandi (MO) Douglas and Munn (1992) state that the MO of offenders are the behaviours that an offender exhibits to commit the crime. Although greatly used by police in the past (Douglas Munn, 1992), MOs can change over the course of a crime series (Hazelwood Warren, 2003) due to factors such as unavailability of victims, victim reactions, interruptions, education, experience, and maturation (Hazelwood Warren, 2003). Despite the above findings, depending on the MO behaviour being observed there are sufficient levels of distinctiveness and consistency to make case linkage possible beyond chance levels e.g. rape (Grubin et al., 2001) and commercial robbery (Woodhams Toye, 2007). Bennell and Jones (2005) found that although an analysis of property stolen during serial burglaries had a moderate level of linking accuracy, an analysis of distances between crimes produced much higher accuracy scores. The authors found that the closer together the burglaries, the more likely that they were committed by the same offender. Bennell and Canter (2002) have found that MOs which are brought to the scene by the offender such as where the offence took place (offender-driven) versus what was stolen (situation-driven), are the most stable and distinct. Seeing as some behaviours are more consistent and are therefore more accurate at predicting case linkage allows analysts to be more efficient in only using the most consistent behaviours and also more accurate at predicting linkage (Woodhams Toye, 2007). Psychological themes Consistency can found in an offenders crimes despite differences in MO as when using the thematic approach consistency is defined at a more general level related to the function of the behaviour as opposed to discrete behaviours. For example, Salfati and Bateman (2005) state that when an offender cuts or tortures the victim, this behaviour suggests an expressive theme and the murder was part of an emotionally fuelled assault. Whereas when the victim is sexually assaulted or the body is posed, this behaviour demonstrates an instrumental theme and the aim of the murder was to achieve sexual gratification or something else beyond the murder. The research into consistency and distinctiveness regarding psychological themes is promising (Salfati Bateman, 2005) although when more stringent criteria to assign crimes to predominant themes, the results are not as convincing (Bateman Salfati, 2007). Woodhams et al. (2007) have argued that measuring consistency using the psychological themes approach to case linkage has limited use when offenders are not able to be easily categorised into predominant themes. The authors also state that this approach may be too general to be used for identifying different offenders although it can be argued that this depends on the type of crime as it may be more applicable for rare crimes compared to more common crimes. Even though there is evidence that offenders crime series demonstrate behavioural distinctiveness and consistency as discussed above, crime analysts and police investigators may not be able to link crimes. For example, Canter et al. (1991) state that it is difficult to correctly identify crime scene behaviours appropriate for case linkage as attention may focus on behaviours that are not distinct or not stably exhibited. Methods to combat the problems of case linkage Cluster analysis, across-crime similarity coefficients, logistic regression analysis, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis are analytical strategies employed to combat the problems of the assumptions underlying the practice of case linkage. Each of these strategies will be detailed next. Cluster analysis Cluster analysis places the crimes on a plot where the shorter the distance between plots the greater the similarity there is between the crimes (Green, Booth, Biderman, 1976). The closer the crimes are together the more likely they are to be linked. The study by Green et al. (1976) found this analytical approach to be highly successful at linking the crimes of three burglars. Although there are some drawbacks to this method as it is not yet determined as to what specific distance suggests that the crimes are linked. Across-crime similarity coefficients Woodhams and Toye (2007) state that across-crime similarity coefficients quantify the degree of behavioural distinctiveness and consistency between two crimes. Woodhams and Toye (2007) used the Jaccard coefficients to see whether pairs of robbery crimes were linked based on the similarity of offence behaviours. Seeing as this coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, a large coefficient reflects a greater amount of across-crime similarity. In relation to the assumptions underlying the practice of case linkage, small similarity coefficients associated with different offender crimes suggests behavioural distinctiveness. Conversely, large similarity coefficients are associated with same offender crimes suggests consistency. Woodhams and Toye (2007) found that compared with unlinked crime pairs, linked pairs had greater similarity in behaviour exhibited between offences committed by the same criminal than between offences committed by different offenders. In addition, the difference between linked and unlinked crimes was significant for overall and within each behaviour. These findings support the offender behavioural consistency hypothesis underlying the practices of case linkage as well as offender profiling. Logistic regression analysis Bennell and Canter (2002) state that logistic regression analysis can be used to produce predicted probabilities that crime pairs are linked. This is done by combining the values of predictor variables such as across-crime similarity scores related to entry method, characteristics of the target, and the property stolen. Woodhams and Toye (2007) used logistic regression analysis to determine whether robberies were linked and produced accurate linking decisions. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis The measures of linking accuracy described above are threshold specific in that the accuracy score is only relevant when a specific decision threshold is used. To counter this problem, ROC analysis can be used in addition to these measures (Woodhams Toye, 2007). ROC analysis quantifies the level of linking accuracy associated with lining cues (inter-offence distance) or case linkage tools (e.g., cluster analysis, across-crime similarity coefficients, and logistic regression analysis). This method is not affected by the decision threshold that was used to determine whether or not the crimes were linked. Studies using ROC analysis have set suitable decision thresholds for linking purposes as well as producing valid measures of linking accuracy (e.g., Bennell Jones, 2005) demonstrating that methods such as logistic regression used in conjunction with ROC analysis can accurately link serial crimes. Offender profiling: Homology Despite different methods of profiling being multi-disciplinary and overlapping, the approaches can be segregated into three broad categories: clinical practitioner, statistical, and criminal investigative (Wilson, Lincoln, Kocsis, 1997). The FBI model is a criminal investigative approach and it is the most common. It is used in USA, Canada, Australia, UK, Germany, Sweden, Norway, and Holland amongst others. The work of Babcock, Boon, and Britton (Copson, Babcock, Boon, Britton, 1997) is an example of the clinical approach whereas David Canters (Canter Heritage, 1990) work is representative of the statistical approach. In the past, the FBI model has been criticised for being based upon opinion and intuition rather than fact and solid methodology which lacks the element of psychological theory (Canter Alison, 1999). Now it takes more of a scientific approach by publishing empirical findings. The clinical practitioner approach emphasises its use of psychological, psychiatric, clinical, or mental health research or knowledge. Finally, the statistical approach infers psychological processes and characteristics of offenders using the multivariate analysis of behaviour at the crime scene as well as other crime scene information (Canter Alison, 1999). Pinizzotto and Finkel (1990) state that professional profilers first assess the type of criminal act with reference to individuals who have committed similar acts previously. Then they analyze the crime scene, the victims background, and any possible suspects. Next profilers establish the possible motivations of all the individuals involved. Finally, a description of the offender is created from the characteristics identified with such a psychological disposition. Homology is an assumption that underlies the practice of offender profiling and suggests that similar offence styles are associated with similar background characteristics (Woodhams Toye, 2007). Thus offenders with similar offence behaviours have similar background characteristics. The complex relationships between a given action and a given characteristic are made to profile clusters of background features from crime scene actions to develop a psychological picture of the suspect (Alison et al., 2002). These relationships involve multivariate forms of prediction in which specific sets of actions are linked to specific sets of characteristics. Although the results of these analyses are not convincing when tested (Alison, 2002). Alison et al. (2002) state that current offender profiling methods rely on an outdated understanding of personality and the trait approach. Alison et al. (2002) found that the homology assumption is not supported as it uses global traits, or broad personality types, which are unlikely to be useful in predicting criminal behaviour. These traditional personality trait theories suggest that all offenders behaviours are affected in predictable ways (deterministic) and that behaviour remains stable despite different environmental influences (nonsituationist) (Alison et al., 2002). Furthermore, Mischel and Peake (1982) demonstrated that global trait theories fail to allow predictions of behaviour across specific situations. Alison et al. (2002) suggest that it is unlikely that the classification of offenders into broad personality types would enable the profiler to relate clusters of sociodemographic characteristics to different types. Profilers often make inferences about offender characteristics that are not appropriate for a psychological definition e.g. age, ethnicity, marital status, gender, degree of sexual maturity, and possible reactions to police questioning (Alison et al. 2002). Woodhams and Toye (2007) tested the homology assumption by identifying three different styles of robbery behaviour and investigated whether commercial robbers with different offence behaviour styles were significantly different to each another on ethnicity, employment, previous convictions, age, and distance to crime. No significant differences were found which suggests no support for the homology assumption. The homology assumption has also been investigated using regression analyses to determine if certain offence behaviours can reliably predict offender characteristics although there has been little support found for the homology assumption (Tonkin, Bond, Woodhams, 2009). For example, Mokros and Alison (2002) investigated rapists and defined homology as a positive linear relationship between the similarities of crime scene actions and similarities in background characteristics of the offenders. The researchers investigated whether similarity in personal characteristics (e.g., ethnicity, age, employment status, marital status, criminal record, and education) was correlated with similarity in offence behaviour. No linear relationships were observed with similarity in behaviour. Therefore there was no evidence found for the homology assumption. Despite this lack of evidence for the homology assumption, there has been success with homicide (Salfati Canter, 1999), burglary, assault, robbery, actual bodily harm and violent disorder (Farrington Lambert, 2000), and sexual assault (Santtila, Ritvanen, Mokros, 2004) offences at determining offender characteristics from crime scene behaviour. In summary, using bivariate predictive analyses, relationships between specific characteristics and actions have been found (Aitken et al., 1996) although it has been argued that these are simplistic compared to the profiles that have been produced over the years (e.g. Pinizzotto Finkel, 1990). Alison et al. (2002) state that a direct link between offence behaviour and offender characteristics is unlikely to exist because of the influence of the situation effecting offence behaviour. In addition, the authors state that profilers often make inferences regarding offender characteristics (e.g., gender, ethnicity, and age) from behaviour that is not appropriate according to Bem and Allens (1974) personality theory. Therefore, the research into the homology assumption has been less supportive (Woodhams Toye, 2007). Interestingly, there have been many reviews of profiling based on the opinions of detectives about the usefulness of the advice that they received, the overall opinion was th at the advice was of use (Woodhams Toye, 2007). Methods to combat the problems of offender profiling and case linkage A method to combat the problems of the assumptions underlying the practice of offender profiling and case linkage is for police forces to enter crime scene information (including motivational and behavioural characteristics) into databases. The Violent Crime Case linkage System (ViCLAS: Collins, Johnson, Choy, Davidson, Mackay, 1998) is the most popular of the databases and was first used by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police to profile offenders and identify serial offenders. This system can record 200 items of information from each crime scene which analysts can search when a new crime is committed. This system is widely used in the UK and assists offender profiling as well as case linkage by providing a way to manage the mass of information although there is little research on its effectiveness. Beauregard (2005) states sharing information between investigators and researchers is a way to develop offender profiling as it standardises data reliability. Alison et al. (2004) state that this pragmatic profiling (sharing information, investigative advice, and profiles) is the way forward for profiling and case linkage. Yokota, Fujita, Watanabe, Yoshimoto, and Wachi (2007) have even developed a computerised profiling system that takes in the details of an offence and produces the offender characteristics. Finally, Alison et al. (2002) suggest that a theoretical framework that emphasizes the importance of Person X Situation interactions in generating behaviour may be more productive. Recent research by Goodwill and Alison (2007) has included these aspects into predictive analysis of offender characteristics from crime scene information and stated that the relationship between offender characteristics and the crime scene may be influenced by other aspects of the crime. Therefore, using the contemporary trait perspective would include contextual details that effect behaviour and thus make inferences from crime scene behaviours more valid and useful. Conclusion In summary, there is evidence highlighting problems with the consistency, homology, and behavioural distinctiveness assumptions underlying the practices of offender profiling and case linkage. Regarding offender profiling, ignoring contextual and situational variables of offending makes homology and consistency unreliable and possibly invalid. The simple behaviour and characteristics approach to offender profiling is not adequate. It may be argued that a significant component of offender profiling is based on intuition rather than scientific research (Pinizzotto Finkel, 1990). On conclusion of the evidence for homology, the practice of offender profiling does not include current psychological theory and therefore would not be appropriate for use in court as expert witness evidence. The homology assumption has not seen as much research as the behavioural consistency and distinctiveness assumptions. There is greater support for the consistency and distinctiveness assumptions underlyin g the practice of case linkage when additional measures are used to improve validity and usefulness. Methods to improve the practices of case linkage and offender profiling include the use of databases, pragmatic profiling, and automation. Methods to improve case linkage include cluster analysis, across-crime similarity coefficients, and logistic regression analysis. These analytical techniques improve the practices of case linkage and offender profiling as they are able to accurately handle large amounts of data. The drawback to many of these approaches is that they do not specifically state what probability level should be used to determine whether or not crimes and behaviours are linked. These measures of linking accuracy are threshold specific in that the accuracy score can only relevant when a specific decision threshold is used. To counter this flaw, ROC analysis has proven to accurately link crimes when used in conjunction with these methods. It is important to have valid assumptions underlying the practices of case linkage and offender profiling as incorrect advice could mislead a police investigation and be costly in financial and human terms. Greater research is desperately needed into the effectiveness of the use of databases to assist case linkage and offender profiling. These databases are in widespread use despite a lack of research on their effectiveness. Word Count: 3814